In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of sun protection in society. Compared to previous years, individuals now protect themselves and their children more carefully with sunscreen and other measures. However, we still see sunburns, especially in children, due to incomplete or incorrect application of these measures. Multiple sunburns during childhood increase the risk of skin cancer later in life. It has been shown that individuals who experience more than five sunburns have twice the risk of developing melanoma, a highly dangerous type of cancer. Unfortunately, treating sunburns or using sunscreen afterwards does not eliminate this acquired risk. Therefore, the idea that “it’s okay not to protect myself from the sun, I can always treat the burn later” is definitely wrong. 

Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun reaching the earth’s surface are divided into ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB). UVA, with its longer wavelength, reaches deeper layers of the skin and is responsible for sun-induced skin aging. UVB, with its shorter wavelength, is powerful and causes sunburns. Both types of UV rays increase the risk of skin cancer. Sunburns caused by unprotected UVB exposure before the age of 18 create a lifelong increased risk of skin cancer. In recent years, the Sun Protection Factor (SPF), which essentially indicates the protection against UVB provided by sunscreens, has become quite popular and is crucial in preventing sunburns. An SPF value of 15, ideal for daily use, blocks 90% of sun rays. However, for prolonged outdoor exposure or swimming, SPF 30 and SPF 50, providing 95% and 97% protection respectively, are recommended. Although sunscreen is used, the World Health Organization advises avoiding sun exposure, especially between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., when sunlight is most intense. Sunscreen should be applied in sufficient quantities; for example, an adult should use about 2 fingers length (about 2 teaspoons) for the face and about 7 teaspoons for the body. Ears, lips, feet, neck, and especially the scalp in men should not be forgotten. Sunscreen should be reapplied every two hours and after swimming or sweating. It should be ensured that the sunscreen provides broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB rays. It should be noted that UVA rays can penetrate through glass and clouds. Although UVB rays cannot pass through glass or clouds and do not cause sunburns indoors or in the shade, the risk of photoaging and skin cancer due to UVA exposure still exists. 

Babies can use sunscreen after six months of age, but younger children should be kept in the shade as much as possible. In addition to sunscreen, both adults and children can effectively protect their faces and eyes with wide-brimmed hats and quality sunglasses. It is recommended to choose clothing that provides UV protection for children when they spend time outdoors during the summer months. 

Sunscreens consist of chemical or physical filters. If possible, consult a dermatologist when choosing the type of sunscreen. Different sunscreens are preferred depending on age groups, skin types, and pregnancy status. For example, mineral-based (physical) sunscreens are preferred for children and pregnant women, while thinner chemical filters may be preferred for acne-prone or oily skin. In brief, chemical filters absorb sunlight and convert it into heat, while mineral filters create a barrier on the skin, reflecting sunlight. The application of sunscreen also varies depending on the filter structure. Chemical sunscreen should be applied at least 15-20 minutes before sun exposure, before other products, while mineral sunscreen should be applied after other products. Sunscreens may contain both types of filters together. 

If precautions are not taken and sunburn occurs, it is important to reduce the heat as soon as possible by taking a lukewarm shower, gently patting the skin dry afterwards to leave it slightly moist, and using moisturizer. Drinking plenty of water should prevent dehydration, and hydrocortisone creams should be applied twice daily for the first few days. Over-the-counter pain relievers like aspirin can help alleviate symptoms. If blisters develop, it indicates a second-degree burn, and you should seek medical attention without popping the blisters.